@prefix rdf: . @prefix rdfs: . @prefix owl: . @prefix rec: . @prefix ex: . # ============================================================================ # Worked exemplar: THE ATOM, 1885-1927 -- chained model succession # (Bohr 1913 -> Bohr-Sommerfeld 1916 -> quantum mechanics 1925-27) # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- # The second engine fixture. Neptune tested ONE fork and ONE decisive # observation; this arc tests what Neptune could not: # # * EXPLANANDA (the second stub species): phenomena empirically supported # the whole time yet unexplained -- Balmer's formula (until 1913), fine # structure (until 1916), the anomalous Zeeman effect (until 1925-26). # Each era resolves exactly one. Detection convention: a THEORETICAL # environment carries a formally-warranted machinery leaf; an observation # report does not. # * ENVIRONMENT SWAP under a standing conclusion -- the Sommerfeld # coincidence: the 1916 fine-structure derivation is numerically right # with no spin in it; after 1926 the conclusion stands while its entire # environment is replaced (spin + wave mechanics). Likewise the hydrogen # energy levels survive the retraction of the Bohr postulates by # re-derivation from quantum mechanics -- results outlive the models # that first derived them. # * FORK RESOLUTION BY EQUIVALENCE: matrix vs wave mechanics, declared # rivals (early 1926), then IDENTIFIED (Schroedinger's equivalence # proof) -- the fork dissolves, no winner, no eclipsed; and when # Davisson-Germer arrives (1927) its corroboration accrues to the POOLED # pair (without the identification, wave would have eclipsed matrix). # * A RECORDED ESCALATION from the historical record itself: Bohr's 1913 # suspension of classical electrodynamics inside stationary states -- the # trade-off is stated in the trilogy (ROOT.md §13, in the wild). # * CORRESPONDENCE AS LEVEL OF ABSTRACTION: after the old quantum theory's # postulates are retracted, the Bohr model persists as a limiting-case # record at a coarser grain (rec:atLevelOfAbstraction, first real use). # # The revision log re-enacts 1885 -> 1927 in ORDER (moments, §13.3); clock # dates live in event notes and labels -- content, never the index. Era-level # chronology is solid; deliberately elided at this grain: the BKS episode # (1924-25), the Pickering-Fowler exchange's inner rounds (kept as one # inference + comment), and the tangled discovery of spin. # Validate MERGED with ontology/record-ontology.ttl, never alone. # ============================================================================ a owl:Ontology ; rdfs:comment "Example individuals for the Record Ontology; merge with the ontology to validate."@en ; owl:imports . # -- agents ------------------------------------------------------------------- ex:Balmer a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Agent ; rdfs:label "Johann Balmer"@en . ex:Michelson a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Agent ; rdfs:label "Albert Michelson"@en . ex:Zeeman a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Agent ; rdfs:label "Pieter Zeeman"@en . ex:Fowler a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Agent ; rdfs:label "Alfred Fowler"@en . ex:Planck a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Agent ; rdfs:label "Max Planck"@en . ex:Rutherford a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Agent ; rdfs:label "Ernest Rutherford"@en . ex:Bohr a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Agent ; rdfs:label "Niels Bohr"@en . ex:Franck a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Agent ; rdfs:label "James Franck"@en . ex:Sommerfeld a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Agent ; rdfs:label "Arnold Sommerfeld"@en . ex:Paschen a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Agent ; rdfs:label "Friedrich Paschen"@en . ex:DeBroglie a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Agent ; rdfs:label "Louis de Broglie"@en . ex:Heisenberg a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Agent ; rdfs:label "Werner Heisenberg"@en . ex:Schroedinger a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Agent ; rdfs:label "Erwin Schroedinger"@en . ex:Uhlenbeck a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Agent ; rdfs:label "George Uhlenbeck (with Samuel Goudsmit)"@en . ex:Davisson a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Agent ; rdfs:label "Clinton Davisson (with Lester Germer)"@en . ex:HistorianOfScience a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Agent ; rdfs:label "the historian of science"@en . # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- # STRATUM 1885-1912: observations, regularities, machinery, the crisis # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ex:BalmerMeasurements a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Record ; rdfs:label "measured wavelengths of the visible hydrogen lines (1885)"@en ; rec:forAgent ex:Balmer ; rec:hasWarrant rec:Empirical . # Pure numerology, historically: an induced regularity with no mechanism -- # an EXPLANANDUM until 1913 derives it. ex:Inf_BalmerFormula a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Record , rec:Inference ; rdfs:label "induction: the Balmer/Rydberg wavelength formula"@en ; rec:forAgent ex:Balmer ; rec:hasForce rec:Ampliative ; rec:hasPremise ex:BalmerMeasurements ; rec:concludes ex:BalmerFormula . ex:BalmerFormula a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Record ; rdfs:label "the Balmer/Rydberg formula (regularity, no mechanism)"@en ; rec:forAgent ex:Balmer ; rec:hasWarrant rec:Empirical . ex:MichelsonFineStructure a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Record ; rdfs:label "Michelson: the Balmer lines are close doublets (1891)"@en ; rec:forAgent ex:Michelson ; rec:hasWarrant rec:Empirical . ex:Inf_FineStructureReport a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Record , rec:Inference ; rdfs:label "observation report: spectral fine structure exists"@en ; rec:forAgent ex:Michelson ; rec:hasForce rec:Ampliative ; rec:hasPremise ex:MichelsonFineStructure ; rec:concludes ex:FineStructureSplitting . # THE type-case explanandum: empirically live from 1891, unexplained until # 1916, then re-derived from a wholly different environment after 1926. ex:FineStructureSplitting a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Record ; rdfs:label "phenomenon: hydrogen fine-structure splitting"@en ; rec:forAgent ex:Michelson ; rec:hasWarrant rec:Empirical . ex:ZeemanAnomalousPattern a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Record ; rdfs:label "anomalous Zeeman splitting patterns (observed from 1897)"@en ; rec:forAgent ex:Zeeman ; rec:hasWarrant rec:Empirical . ex:Inf_ZeemanReport a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Record , rec:Inference ; rdfs:label "observation report: the anomalous Zeeman effect"@en ; rec:forAgent ex:Zeeman ; rec:hasForce rec:Ampliative ; rec:hasPremise ex:ZeemanAnomalousPattern ; rec:concludes ex:AnomalousZeemanEffect . # Explanandum #3 -- outlives BOTH old-quantum-theory eras; resolved by spin. ex:AnomalousZeemanEffect a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Record ; rdfs:label "phenomenon: the anomalous Zeeman effect"@en ; rec:forAgent ex:Zeeman ; rec:hasWarrant rec:Empirical . ex:PickeringFowlerLines a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Record ; rdfs:label "the Pickering-Fowler series (stellar + laboratory lines)"@en ; rec:forAgent ex:Fowler ; rec:hasWarrant rec:Empirical . ex:PlanckQuantum a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Record ; rdfs:label "Planck's quantum of action h (1900, a posit)"@en ; rec:forAgent ex:Planck ; rec:hasWarrant rec:Empirical . # Formally structured but EMPIRICALLY warranted -- like Newton's law in the # Neptune fixture; its defeasibility is the door 1913 walks through. ex:ClassicalElectrodynamics a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Record ; rdfs:label "classical electrodynamics (Maxwell/Larmor), as held c. 1911"@en ; rec:forAgent ex:Rutherford ; rec:hasWarrant rec:Empirical . # The formal machinery leaf (the explananda convention keys on these). ex:ClassicalMechanicsFormalism a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Record ; rdfs:label "classical mechanics (the mathematical machinery)"@en ; rec:forAgent ex:Rutherford ; rec:hasWarrant rec:Formal . ex:GoldFoilScattering a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Record ; rdfs:label "Geiger-Marsden alpha-scattering anomalies (1909)"@en ; rec:forAgent ex:Rutherford ; rec:hasWarrant rec:Empirical . # Rutherford's scattering analysis is a CLASSICAL calculation -- the formal # machinery is genuinely a premise here. ex:Inf_NuclearAtom a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Record , rec:Inference ; rdfs:label "abduction: a small massive nucleus explains the scattering (1911)"@en ; rec:forAgent ex:Rutherford ; rec:hasForce rec:Ampliative ; rec:hasPremise ex:GoldFoilScattering , ex:ClassicalMechanicsFormalism ; rec:concludes ex:NuclearAtomModel . ex:NuclearAtomModel a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Record ; rdfs:label "the Rutherford nuclear atom"@en ; rec:forAgent ex:Rutherford ; rec:hasWarrant rec:Empirical . # The standing reductio: nuclear atom + classical electrodynamics entail # radiative collapse in ~10^-11 s -- atoms cannot exist. Truth-preserving, # and it NEVER falls in this fixture (classically the argument stays valid): # what 1913 retracts is the law's jurisdiction inside the atom, not the law. ex:Inf_RadiativeCollapse a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Record , rec:Inference ; rdfs:label "deduction: the classical nuclear atom is radiatively unstable"@en ; rec:forAgent ex:Bohr ; rec:hasForce rec:TruthPreserving ; rec:hasPremise ex:NuclearAtomModel , ex:ClassicalElectrodynamics , ex:ClassicalMechanicsFormalism ; rec:concludes ex:RadiativeInstability . ex:RadiativeInstability a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Record ; rdfs:label "the crisis: classically, atoms cannot exist"@en ; rec:forAgent ex:Bohr ; rec:hasWarrant rec:Empirical ; rec:directedToward ex:NuclearAtomModel . # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- # ERA 1913-14: Bohr # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- # A §13 ESCALATION FROM THE HISTORICAL RECORD: the 1913 trilogy states the # trade-off openly -- classical electrodynamics is SUSPENDED inside # stationary states, bought for stability and the spectra. An explicit, # recorded skip; directed at the record it sets aside. ex:BohrEscalation a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Record ; rdfs:label "Bohr 1913: classical electrodynamics suspended for stationary states (recorded trade-off)"@en ; rec:forAgent ex:Bohr ; rec:hasWarrant rec:Empirical ; rec:directedToward ex:ClassicalElectrodynamics . ex:BohrPostulates a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Record ; rdfs:label "Bohr's postulates: stationary states, frequency condition, quantized action (1913)"@en ; rec:forAgent ex:Bohr ; rec:hasWarrant rec:Empirical . ex:Inf_BohrHydrogen a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Record , rec:Inference ; rdfs:label "derivation: hydrogen energy levels E_n from the postulates"@en ; rec:forAgent ex:Bohr ; rec:hasForce rec:TruthPreserving ; rec:hasPremise ex:BohrPostulates , ex:PlanckQuantum , ex:NuclearAtomModel , ex:ClassicalMechanicsFormalism ; rec:concludes ex:HydrogenEnergyLevels . # A RESULT that outlives its first model: re-derived from quantum mechanics # after the Bohr postulates are retracted (second justification below). ex:HydrogenEnergyLevels a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Record ; rdfs:label "the hydrogen energy levels E_n = -R/n^2"@en ; rec:forAgent ex:Bohr ; rec:hasWarrant rec:Empirical . # Resolves explanandum #1: the Balmer formula, derived at last -- with the # Rydberg constant computed from e, m, h. ex:Inf_RydbergDerivation a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Record , rec:Inference ; rdfs:label "derivation: the Balmer formula, Rydberg constant from e, m, h"@en ; rec:forAgent ex:Bohr ; rec:hasForce rec:TruthPreserving ; rec:hasPremise ex:HydrogenEnergyLevels ; rec:concludes ex:BalmerFormula . # The Pickering-Fowler episode, compressed to one joint: Bohr reattributes # the lines to He+ (Z=2); Fowler objects on the exact wavelengths; the # reduced-mass correction answers; Evans's spectroscopy confirms (1913). ex:Inf_HeliumReattribution a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Record , rec:Inference ; rdfs:label "reattribution: the Pickering-Fowler lines are ionized helium"@en ; rec:forAgent ex:Bohr ; rec:hasForce rec:Ampliative ; rec:hasPremise ex:HydrogenEnergyLevels , ex:PickeringFowlerLines ; rec:concludes ex:IonizedHeliumOrigin . ex:IonizedHeliumOrigin a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Record ; rdfs:label "claim: the Pickering-Fowler series belongs to He+"@en ; rec:forAgent ex:Bohr ; rec:hasWarrant rec:Empirical . ex:FranckHertzExperiment a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Record ; rdfs:label "Franck-Hertz: discrete energy losses in electron-mercury collisions (1914)"@en ; rec:forAgent ex:Franck ; rec:hasWarrant rec:Empirical . # Interpretation is itself revisable: Franck and Hertz first read their own # result as ionization; the stationary-state reading prevailed. ex:Inf_DiscreteLevelsConfirmed a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Record , rec:Inference ; rdfs:label "interpretation: the collisions confirm discrete stationary states"@en ; rec:forAgent ex:Franck ; rec:hasForce rec:Ampliative ; rec:hasPremise ex:FranckHertzExperiment , ex:HydrogenEnergyLevels ; rec:concludes ex:DiscreteEnergyLevelsReal . ex:DiscreteEnergyLevelsReal a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Record ; rdfs:label "claim: atomic energy levels are discrete and real"@en ; rec:forAgent ex:Franck ; rec:hasWarrant rec:Empirical . # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- # ERA 1915-16: Bohr-Sommerfeld # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ex:PhaseIntegralMethod a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Record ; rdfs:label "the Wilson-Sommerfeld phase-integral quantization (mathematical machinery)"@en ; rec:forAgent ex:Sommerfeld ; rec:hasWarrant rec:Formal . ex:SommerfeldPostulates a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Record ; rdfs:label "Sommerfeld's postulates: elliptical orbits, two quantum numbers, relativistic mass (1916)"@en ; rec:forAgent ex:Sommerfeld ; rec:hasWarrant rec:Empirical . # THE SOMMERFELD COINCIDENCE: this derivation yields the correct alpha^2 # fine-structure formula with NO SPIN in it -- numerically right for the # wrong reasons. After 1926 the conclusion STANDS while this entire # environment is replaced (Inf_FineStructureQM below): the calculus's # environment-swap showcase. Resolves explanandum #2 (1916-26). ex:Inf_FineStructureSommerfeld a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Record , rec:Inference ; rdfs:label "derivation: fine structure from relativistic elliptical orbits (1916)"@en ; rec:forAgent ex:Sommerfeld ; rec:hasForce rec:TruthPreserving ; rec:hasPremise ex:SommerfeldPostulates , ex:BohrPostulates , ex:PhaseIntegralMethod , ex:ClassicalMechanicsFormalism ; rec:concludes ex:FineStructureSplitting . ex:PaschenMeasurements a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Record ; rdfs:label "Paschen: precision He+ fine-structure measurements (1916)"@en ; rec:forAgent ex:Paschen ; rec:hasWarrant rec:Empirical . ex:Inf_PaschenAgreement a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Record , rec:Inference ; rdfs:label "comparison: Sommerfeld's formula matches Paschen's lines"@en ; rec:forAgent ex:Paschen ; rec:hasForce rec:Ampliative ; rec:hasPremise ex:PaschenMeasurements , ex:FineStructureSplitting ; rec:concludes ex:FineStructureQuantitativeMatch . ex:FineStructureQuantitativeMatch a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Record ; rdfs:label "claim: the fine-structure formula is quantitatively confirmed"@en ; rec:forAgent ex:Paschen ; rec:hasWarrant rec:Empirical . # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- # ERA 1924-27: quantum mechanics # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ex:DeBroglieHypothesis a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Record ; rdfs:label "de Broglie: matter waves, lambda = h/p (1924, a posit)"@en ; rec:forAgent ex:DeBroglie ; rec:hasWarrant rec:Empirical . ex:SpinHypothesis a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Record ; rdfs:label "electron spin (Uhlenbeck-Goudsmit 1925, a posit)"@en ; rec:forAgent ex:Uhlenbeck ; rec:hasWarrant rec:Empirical . ex:MatrixAlgebraFormalism a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Record ; rdfs:label "matrix algebra over observable transition quantities (machinery)"@en ; rec:forAgent ex:Heisenberg ; rec:hasWarrant rec:Formal . ex:Inf_MatrixMechanics a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Record , rec:Inference ; rdfs:label "construction: matrix mechanics from observable spectra (1925)"@en ; rec:forAgent ex:Heisenberg ; rec:hasForce rec:Ampliative ; rec:hasPremise ex:BalmerFormula , ex:DiscreteEnergyLevelsReal , ex:MatrixAlgebraFormalism ; rec:concludes ex:MatrixMechanics . ex:MatrixMechanics a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Record ; rdfs:label "matrix mechanics (Heisenberg, Born, Jordan)"@en ; rec:forAgent ex:Heisenberg ; rec:hasWarrant rec:Empirical . ex:WaveEquationFormalism a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Record ; rdfs:label "the wave equation's mathematics (eigenvalue problems; machinery)"@en ; rec:forAgent ex:Schroedinger ; rec:hasWarrant rec:Formal . ex:Inf_WaveMechanics a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Record , rec:Inference ; rdfs:label "construction: wave mechanics from matter waves (1926)"@en ; rec:forAgent ex:Schroedinger ; rec:hasForce rec:Ampliative ; rec:hasPremise ex:DeBroglieHypothesis , ex:WaveEquationFormalism ; rec:concludes ex:WaveMechanics . ex:WaveMechanics a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Record ; rdfs:label "wave mechanics (Schroedinger)"@en ; rec:forAgent ex:Schroedinger ; rec:hasWarrant rec:Empirical . # The warrant for the IDENTIFY decision (Engine.identify): a formal record -- # the equivalence is proven, not observed. Premise-less machinery; the # decision that cites it lives in the LOG, as an escalation, not here. ex:EquivalenceProof a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Record ; rdfs:label "Schroedinger 1926: equivalence of matrix and wave mechanics (proof)"@en ; rec:forAgent ex:Schroedinger ; rec:hasWarrant rec:Formal . # Results re-derived: the levels survive the death of the model that first # derived them (environment swap under a standing conclusion). ex:Inf_HydrogenFromQM a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Record , rec:Inference ; rdfs:label "derivation: hydrogen levels from wave mechanics (1926)"@en ; rec:forAgent ex:Schroedinger ; rec:hasForce rec:TruthPreserving ; rec:hasPremise ex:WaveMechanics , ex:WaveEquationFormalism ; rec:concludes ex:HydrogenEnergyLevels . # Fine structure, re-derived WITH spin (Heisenberg-Jordan 1926; completed by # Dirac 1928 -- compressed to one joint): the environment that replaces # Sommerfeld's under the same standing conclusion. ex:Inf_FineStructureQM a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Record , rec:Inference ; rdfs:label "derivation: fine structure from quantum mechanics + spin (1926)"@en ; rec:forAgent ex:Heisenberg ; rec:hasForce rec:TruthPreserving ; rec:hasPremise ex:SpinHypothesis , ex:WaveMechanics , ex:WaveEquationFormalism ; rec:concludes ex:FineStructureSplitting . # Resolves explanandum #3: the anomalous Zeeman effect, at last. ex:Inf_ZeemanFromSpin a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Record , rec:Inference ; rdfs:label "derivation: anomalous Zeeman patterns from spin (1926)"@en ; rec:forAgent ex:Heisenberg ; rec:hasForce rec:TruthPreserving ; rec:hasPremise ex:SpinHypothesis , ex:MatrixMechanics , ex:MatrixAlgebraFormalism ; rec:concludes ex:AnomalousZeemanEffect . # CORRESPONDENCE AS LoA: the eclipsed model persists as a limiting case at a # coarser grain -- what §14 says a textbook keeps. ex:Inf_CorrespondenceLimit a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Record , rec:Inference ; rdfs:label "derivation: the Bohr model as the large-quantum-number limit"@en ; rec:forAgent ex:Bohr ; rec:hasForce rec:TruthPreserving ; rec:hasPremise ex:WaveMechanics , ex:WaveEquationFormalism ; rec:concludes ex:BohrModelAsLimit . ex:BohrModelAsLimit a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Record ; rdfs:label "the Bohr model, valid as a limiting case"@en ; rec:forAgent ex:Bohr ; rec:hasWarrant rec:Empirical ; rec:atLevelOfAbstraction ex:LargeNumberLimitGrain . ex:LargeNumberLimitGrain a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Record ; rdfs:label "the large-quantum-number / coarse spectral grain"@en ; rec:forAgent ex:HistorianOfScience ; rec:hasWarrant rec:Empirical . ex:DavissonGermerExperiment a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Record ; rdfs:label "Davisson-Germer: electron diffraction off nickel (1927)"@en ; rec:forAgent ex:Davisson ; rec:hasWarrant rec:Empirical . # Fresh evidence arriving AFTER the fork -- but the fork is IDENTIFIED by # then, so this corroboration accrues to the pooled pair (matrix mechanics # gains it through the identity), instead of wave eclipsing matrix. ex:Inf_MatterWaveConfirmed a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Record , rec:Inference ; rdfs:label "interpretation: electrons diffract -- matter waves are real"@en ; rec:forAgent ex:Davisson ; rec:hasForce rec:Ampliative ; rec:hasPremise ex:DavissonGermerExperiment , ex:WaveMechanics ; rec:concludes ex:ElectronWavesReal . ex:ElectronWavesReal a owl:NamedIndividual , rec:Record ; rdfs:label "claim: matter waves are physically real"@en ; rec:forAgent ex:Davisson ; rec:hasWarrant rec:Empirical .